Five years later, construction on the hilltop Citadel, a military fortress and residential palace, began in the southeast of Cairo. The Mamluks chose the city as their capital in the thirteenth century. Their dominance brought Cairo great prosperity and world renown, with its spice trade, universities , courts , schools, and flourishing artistic and intellectual landscape. A steady decline began after the bubonic plague ravished the city in The spice trade was rerouted by Vasco de Gama, eliminating Cairo as its dominant corridor, and the Mamluks were increasingly engaged in internal wars.
The Ottomans seized the weakened city in , making it a provincial capital. Muhammad Ali was appointed Pasha in , presiding over further stagnation as epidemic disease spread.
A -Cairo, Most pyramids are located near Cairo, with only one royal pyramid being located south of Cairo, at the Abydos temple complex. The building of pyramids began in the Third Dynasty with the reign of King Djoser. Q-What is there to do in Cairo in 2 days? Q-How much does a trip to Cairo cost? Though rich in culture and history, the city reveals Egypt's growing poverty. With this small demostration of images taken by the Sentinel-1 Radar7 SAR instrument and Sentinel-2 optical sensor , satellites of the Copernicus project family, we want to show to the scientific community the large field of application that this satellite family can cover.
View large format slider. View Sentinel-1 high resolution image JPG 1. View Sentinel-2 high resolution image JPG 2. Cairo, Egypt. The Nile was also an important trade route - boat travel up and down the river was the easiest way to get people and things from one place to another very quickly. Egyptian civilization developed along the river. The vast majority of the cities were located on the east side of the river, whereas the majority of the tombs were built on the west side of the river.
The east side, where the sun rose, was associated with birth and life, while the west side, where the sun set, was associated with death. Because the Nile would flood every year, temples and palaces and most of the important constructions were built at the edge of the desert, so that they would remain dry during the flood. It was after the ancient period came to an end that the practice of building on the fertile land began.
The ancient Egyptians considered it too precious to use for anything other than growing crops. The Nile River is actually the result of the confluence of two tributaries: the Blue Nile, which has its source at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which has its source at Lake Victoria in southeastern Africa. The two tributaries join at Khartoum, in the Sudan, and from there the river flows from south to north until it reaches the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt. Ancient Egyptians who sailed the river did not have our concept of south and north.
To them, the direction of the river's flow was the easiest means of orientation: hence, Lower Egypt is down river and Upper Egypt is upriver, even though Lower Egypt is north of Upper Egypt. Makes sense, right? The ancient Egyptian legends speak of the first Pharaoh, named Menes , who unified Upper and Lower Egypt and established his capital at a place just a few miles to the southwest of modern Cairo.
This site was chosen because Menes, not wanting to look like he was favoring Upper or Lower Egypt, decided to build the new capital on the border between the two. The city was called Men-nefer, or, as the Greeks later called it, Memphis. Reconstructed ruins of the old Pharaonic capital of Memphis.
Ruined foundation of pharaonic-era building at Memphis. Modern village near the site of Memphis. The city of Memphis was one of the largest and most important cities in its day. Some archaeologists think that as many as , people may have lived in it at the height of its power, which lasted for almost one thousand years during the Old Kingdom period. During this time, the pharaohs erected monuments to themselves, starting at a site just to the west of Memphis.
This place is called Sakkara , and the first pyramids ever built were constructed here. Before the pharaohs began to construct pyramids as monuments, they were buried in long, low lying brick buildings called mastabas. In these mastabas, the pharaohs would prepare lavish tombs with all the possessions they would need for the afterlife. He wanted something bigger and better, and he called upon his royal court to think of something that would be more suitable for him.
The answer came from his royal vizier, or adviser, a man by the name of Imhotep. Imhotep had the idea to build one of these low mastabas, and then build no less than five more on top of it, each smaller than the one before, creating a staircase to the heavens.
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